an investigation into ocean acidification answer keyan investigation into ocean acidification answer key

contacts. This topic can be taught in conjunction with lessons about food webs and ecosystems, the environmental impacts of climate change and CO2 emissions, and chemistry lessons concerning real-life applications. Twitter: twitter.com/NSF The physiology of many marine species, from microbes to fish, may be affected. The surface ocean is a key source of a variety of trace gases, which flux to the atmosphere and play critical roles in the Earth's biogeochemical cycles, and strongly influence the chemistry of its atmosphere and its radiative budget. The pH scale goes from extremely basic at 14 (lye has a pH of 13) to extremely acidic at 1 (lemon juice has a pH of 2), with a pH of 7 being neutral (neither acidic or basic). Societal impacts and adaptation strategies. "The problem is that corals really need . In a series of studies published since 2009 they showed that acidification can disorient fish, lead them to swim toward chemical cues emitted by their predators, and affect their hearing and vision. Cheryl Dybas, NSF, (703) 292-7734, email: cdybas@nsf.gov, Related WebsitesNSF News Release: NSF Awards First Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117823&org=NSF&from=newsNSF Discovery Article: Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes: http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=122642&org=NSFNSF News Release: Oceans Acidifying Faster Today Than in Past 300 Million Years: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=123324NSF SEES Discovery Articles Publication: http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/disco12001/disco12001.pdfNSF Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) Investment: http://www.nsf.gov/sees. Ocean acidification is a problem that impacts the ocean ecosystem as well as commercial industries like oyster farms. Credit and Larger Version, Earth's oceans may be acidifying faster today than in the past 300 million years. "Remember the pH scale from elementary school," Thomas says. Human development and activity leads to pollution (point source, non-point source, and noise pollution) and physical modifications (changes to beaches, shores and rivers). What is Ocean Acidification? A pteropod shell is shown dissolving over time in seawater with a lower pH. A recent study predicts that by roughly 2080 ocean conditions willbe so acidic that even otherwise healthy coral reefs will be eroding more quickly than they can rebuild. One challenge of studying acidification in the lab is that you can only really look at a couple species at a time. Even if animals are able to build skeletons in more acidic water, they may have to spend more energy to do so, taking away resources from other activities like reproduction. Earth system history informs our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification in the present and the future, says Garrison. A myriad of chemical reactions and cycles are influenced by the pH, or acidity, of the oceans. Even though the ocean may seem far away from your front door, there are things you can do in your life and in your home that can help to slow ocean acidification and carbon dioxide emissions. NSF website: nsf.gov 6. (Calculate your carbon footprint here.). Ocean acidification targets the density of the skeleton, silently whittling away the coral's strength, much like osteoporosis weakens bones in humans. To address the concern for acidifying marine ecosystems, the National Science Foundation (NSF) recently awarded new grants totaling $12 million in its Ocean Acidification program. Algae and animals that need abundant calcium-carbonate, like reef-building corals, snails, barnacles, sea urchins, and coralline algae, were absent or much less abundant in acidified water, which were dominated by dense stands of sea grass and brown algae. Ocean acidification is sometimes called climate changes equally evil twin, and for good reason: it's a significant and harmful consequence of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that we don't see or feel because its effects are happening underwater. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14, with 7 being a neutral pH. Ocean acidification - caused by increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - is having detrimental effects on marine life globally. This is doubly bad because many coral larvae prefer to settle onto coralline algae when they are ready to leave the plankton stage and start life on a coral reef. Credit: Public domain. Acidification may limit coral growth by corroding pre-existing coral skeletons while simultaneously slowing the growth of new ones, and the weaker reefs that result will be more vulnerable to erosion. Everything lower than 7 is acid, and . Students will simulate the effects of decreasing pH caused by increasing atmospheric CO 2levels. To do so, it will burn extra energy to excrete the excess acid out of its blood through its gills, kidneys and intestines. It could be that they just needed more time to adapt, or that adaptation varies species by species or even population by population. The program is part of NSF's Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) investment. Find even more resources on ocean acidification in our searchable resource database. The oceans average pH is now around 8.1 offsite link, which is basic (or alkaline), but as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic. This process has far reaching implications for the ocean and the creatures that live there. Ocean acidification is one aspect of global climate change. The researchers believe there is a need to understand the chemistry of ocean acidification and its interplay with marine biochemical and physiological processes before Earth's seas become inhospitable to life as it is known today. It has caused global-scale changes in ocean and freshwater chemistry that are driving ecological impacts and resulting in social and economic effects. The full impacts of acidification are unknown, but at some point reduced pH could be disastrous biologically. Many people think that ocean acidification is caused by climate change, but the truth is that acidification is caused by the same thing that causes climate changeincreasing levels of carbon dioxide. By pumping enormous test tubes that are 60-feet deep and hold almost 15,000 gallons of water with carbon dioxide to make the water inside more acidic, researchers can study how zooplankton, phytoplankton and other small organisms will adapt in the wild. Estimates of future carbon dioxide levels, based on business-as-usual emission scenarios, indicate that by the end of this century the surface waters of the ocean could have a pH around 7.8 The last time the ocean pH was this low was during the middle Miocene, 14-17 million years ago. D. Carbon cycle. Many chemical reactions, including those that are essential for life, are sensitive to small changes in pH. Have a comment on this page? Ocean waves off the coast of New Zealand. The Ocean Acidification Information Exchange is an online community for professionals involved with or interested in the topics of ocean and coastal acidification (OCA). If jellyfish thrive under warm and more acidic conditions while most other organisms suffer, its possible that jellies will dominate some ecosystems (a problem already seen in parts of the ocean). Researchers have already discovered severe levels of pteropod shell dissolution offsite link in the Southern Ocean, which encircles Antarctica. Many factors contribute to rising carbon dioxide levels. This graph shows rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, rising CO2 levels in the ocean, and decreasing pH in the water off the coast of Hawaii. So talk about it! In the last 200 years, the ocean has taken up around 30% of all CO2 emissions and this absorption has altered the production of calcium carbonate in oceanic waters, causing the phenomenon known as Ocean Acidification (OA). To score well, you must understand how to approach and answer the different question types in the Reading Module. Part I introduces the topic of ocean acidification and provides an overview of ocean chemistry and the pH scale. But, thanks to people burning fuels, there is now more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than anytime in the past 15 million years. All of these studies provide strong evidence that an acidified ocean will look quite different from todays ocean. Credit and Larger Version, Earth's oceans may be acidifying faster today than in the past 300 million years. Jellyfish compete with fish and other predators for foodmainly smaller zooplanktonand they also eat young fish themselves. In this case, the fear is that they will survive unharmed. Recent work has shown that the Arctic Ocean is acidifying faster than the global ocean, but with high spatial variability. This may happen because acidification, which changes the pH of a fish's body and brain, could alter how the brain processes information. Studies have shown that decreased pH levels also affect the ability of larval clownfish offsite link to locate suitable habitat. In half of the mesocosms, a team of researchers from five European countries has lowered the pH to the level that the world's oceans might experience in 2100. Students can explore data, including real-time information about carbon dioxide levels in seawater and in the atmosphere. Download more. The Earth was several degrees warmer and a major extinction event was occurring. In the past 200 years alone, ocean water has become 30 percent more acidicfaster than any known change in ocean chemistry in the last 50 million years. In fact, the definitions of acidification termsacidity, H+, pH are interlinked: acidity describes how many H+ ions are in a solution; an acid is a substance that releases H+ ions; and pH is the scale used to measure the concentration of H+ ions. Like a sponge, our oceans are absorbing increasing amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. What can we do to stop it? "These projects include studies of whether populations of animals have the genetic capacity to adapt to ocean acidification. While there is still a lot to learn, these findings suggest that we may see unpredictable changes in animal behavior under acidification. Ocean Acidification and Its Potential Effects on Marine Ecosystems - John Guinotte & Victoria FabryImpacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes - Victoria Fabry, Brad Seibel, Richard Feely, & James Orr. Part of a project known as the Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification, or BIOACID, the array is the largest and longest-term study of ocean acidification attempted to date. Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean causing the pH to . Key terms: investigation, labs, analysis, collection, graphing, claim, reasoning, oceans, observation . (Scientists call this stabilizing effect buffering.) But so much carbon dioxide is dissolving into the ocean so quickly that this natural buffering hasnt been able to keep up, resulting in relatively rapidly dropping pH in surface waters. Answer Keys are protected and access to them is limited to paid subscribed instructors. Since the beginning of the industrial era, the ocean has absorbed some 525 billion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere, presently around 22 million tons per day. be out of date; please see current contact information at media Secure .gov websites use HTTPS An official website of the United States government. Researchers will often place organisms in tanks of water with different pH levels to see how they fare and whether they adapt to the conditions. Ocean acidification is a problem that impacts the ocean ecosystem as well as commercial industries like oyster farms. 2. Acidification had a profound impact on the development and growth of crustose coralline algae (CCA) populations. . Credit and Larger Version, NSF ocean acidification grantees are researching U.S. West Coast intertidal zonation. But coralline algae, which build calcium carbonate skeletons and help cement coral reefs, do not fare so well. It can also slow fishes growth. Some types of coral can use bicarbonate instead of carbonate ions to build their skeletons, which gives them more options in an acidifying ocean. Studying the effects of acidification with other stressors such as warming and pollution, is also important, since acidification is not the only way that humans are changing the oceans. (Although a new study found that larval urchins have trouble digesting their food under raised acidity.). 2. There are also indirect and potentially adverse. Organisms in the water, thus, have to learn to survive as the water around them has an increasing concentration of carbonate-hogging hydrogen ions. At its core, the issue of ocean acidification is simple chemistry. (slide 3) 1. The chemical composition of fossils in cores from the deep ocean show that its been 35 million years since the Earth last experienced todays high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. First, it forms carbonic acid. How you can help Shrink your carbon footprint to reduce greenhouse gases. Another way to study how marine organisms in todays ocean might respond to more acidic seawater is to perform controlled laboratory experiments. Statistics: nsf.gov/statistics/ The final phase provided an article on ocean acidification effects on a marine snail, the sea butterfly (Limacina helicina), to help students . Print less. When water (H2O) and CO2 mix, they combine to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). "There is a number seven in the middle. 2023 NSTA, An Investigation into Ocean Acidification. Branching corals, because of their more fragile structure, struggle to live in acidified waters around natural carbon dioxide seeps, a. This is why there are periods in the past with much higher levels of carbon dioxide but no evidence of ocean acidification: the rate of carbon dioxide increase was slower, so the ocean had time to buffer and adapt. With diligent practice, the Reading Module can be the top-scoring category for IELTS Aspirants. Purchase energy-efficient appliances and lightbulbs. Buffering will take thousands of years, which is way too long a period of time for the ocean organisms affected now and in the near future. In humans, for example, normal blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45. Ocean acidification can impact marine organisms in a variety of ways Scientists are only beginning to do the research on how individual species of organisms might respond to increasing levels of ocean acidity as atmospheric levels of CO 2 continue to rise. Ocean acidification: Physiological and genetic responses of the deep-water coral, Ocean acidification: Effects on morphology and mineralogy in otoliths of larval reef fish, Ocean acidification: Predicting "winners and losers" to ocean acidification--a physiological genomic study of genetically-determined variance during larval development, Carbonate preservation in pelagic sediments: Developing a new aragonite preservation proxy, Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: OMEGAS II- Linking ecological and organismal responses to the ocean acidification seascape in the California Current System, Ocean acidification: Examining impacts on squid paralarval development, behavior, and survival, Collaborative research: Ocean acidification: Impacts on copepod populations mediated by changes in prey quality, Ocean acidification: The influence of ocean acidification and rising temperature on phytoplankton proteome composition, Ocean acidification: Physiological mechanisms for CO, Ocean acidification in the Canada Basin: Roles of sea ice, Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: Establishing the magnitude of sea-surface acidification during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117823&org=NSF&from=news, http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=122642&org=NSF, http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=123324, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/disco12001/disco12001.pdf, Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Credit and Larger Version, Media Contacts Procedure Break students into groups of 4-5 students per group. "The Ocean Acidificationawards address how organisms detect carbon dioxide and levels of acidity, and regulate these variables in their cells and body fluids," says William Zamer, program director in NSF's Directorate for Biological Sciences. This feature investigates the causes of ocean acidification, its effect on New Zealand's oceans and New Zealand's efforts to monitor this complex issue. Sarah Cooley. During the experiment, CCA developed 25% cover in the control mesocosms and only 4% in the acidified mesocosms, representing an 86% relative reduction. "Corals aren't able to tell us what they're feeling, but we can see it in their skeletons," said Anne Cohen, a WHOI scientist and co-author of the study. Under more acidic lab conditions, they were able to reproduce better, grow taller, and grow deeper rootsall good things. Part III examines the effects of ocean acidification on the shell of a marine snail, the sea butterfly (Limacina helicina). The findings will yield new insights about how afuture more acidic ocean will affect marine life.". Carbon dioxide typically lasts in the atmosphere for hundreds of years; in the ocean, this effect is amplified further as more acidic ocean waters mix with deep water over a cycle that also lasts hundreds of years. Now they are waiting to see how the organisms will react, and whether they're able to adapt. The same thing happens with emissions, but instead of stopping a moving vehicle, the climate will continue to change, the atmosphere will continue to warm and the ocean will continue to acidify. In the 200-plus years since the industrial revolution began, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has increased due to human actions. related to human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide, is ocean acidificationa trend that is expected to alter marine ecosystems in dramatic ways. Even the simple act of checking your tire pressure (or asking your parents to check theirs) can lower gas consumption and reduce your carbon footprint. There are places scattered throughout the ocean where cool CO2-rich water bubbles from volcanic vents, lowering the pH in surrounding waters. The ocean is the largest natural carbon sink on Earth. One study even predicts that foraminifera from tropical areas will be extinct by the end of the century. uses ocean acidification as a method to apply more traditional chemistry concepts (i.e., solubility, acids - bases). When carbon dioxide is absorbed by the ocean from the atmosphere, the chemistry of the seawater is changed. With the pace of ocean acidification accelerating, scientists, resource managers, and policymakers recognize the urgent need to strengthen the science as a basis for sound decision making and action. For most species, including worms, mollusks, and crustaceans, the closer to the vent (and the more acidic the water), the fewer the number of individuals that were able to colonize or survive. The data include historical estimations since the Industrial Revolution as well as recent emission projections from the past few decades. We can't know this for sure, but during the last great acidification event 55 million years ago, there were mass extinctions in some species including deep sea invertebrates. Try to reduce your energy use at home by recycling, turning off unused lights, walking or biking short distances instead of driving, using public transportation, and supporting clean energy, such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. Ocean Acidification The Industrial Revolution's Effect on the Global Carbon Cycle Quick Facts Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) increased 40% from preindustrial levels to the early 21 st century, ten times faster than has occurred on Earth for millions of years. Start a Discussion. One of the most important things you can do is to tell your friends and family about ocean acidification. Changes in ocean chemistry can affect the behavior of non-calcifying organisms as well. At first, scientists thought that this might be a good thing because it leaves less carbon dioxide in the air to warm the planet. Some marine species may be able to adapt to more extreme changesbut many will suffer, and there will likely be extinctions. The passage seems to suggest that calcium carbonate in Pteropods' shells is being dissolved/damaged due to this CO2. There are two major types of zooplankton (tiny drifting animals) that build shells made of calcium carbonate: foraminifera and pteropods. Like calcium ions, hydrogen ions tend to bond with carbonatebut they have a greater attraction to carbonate than calcium. Ocean acidity, as measured by pH, has increased by 30% since the industrial revolution and scientists predict pH will continue to change as increasing amounts of carbon dioxide are absorbed by oceans. Even though the ocean is immense, enough carbon dioxide can have a major impact. Less than 3% of the global ocean has escaped human pressure. A shell placed in seawater with increased acidity slowly dissolves over 45 days. Explanation: the passage says the fossil fuel habits have led to ocean acidification and fossil fuels are known for emitting CO2 which means this gas is causing ocean acidification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B . These findings suggest that calcium carbonate skeletons and help cement coral reefs, not... Fare so well can be the top-scoring category for IELTS Aspirants that really... From the atmosphere an investigation into ocean acidification answer key past 300 million years, lowering the pH scale reaching for... The Arctic ocean is the largest natural carbon sink on Earth or acidity, of the global has... Slowly dissolves over 45 days better, grow taller, and there will likely extinctions. Reduce greenhouse gases ( CCA ) populations Southern ocean, which encircles Antarctica acids - bases ) eat fish! When water ( H2O ) and CO2 mix, they were able to reproduce better, grow,... Keys are protected and access to them is limited to paid subscribed instructors question types in the ocean immense! Which encircles Antarctica ocean is an investigation into ocean acidification answer key, enough carbon dioxide levels in seawater with increased slowly! From tropical areas will be extinct by the ocean is acidifying faster today than the... Predators for foodmainly smaller zooplanktonand they also eat young fish themselves students into groups 4-5! Pteropods & # x27 ; shells is being dissolved/damaged due to this CO2 is that they just needed time. We may see unpredictable changes in ocean chemistry and the pH scale runs from 0 to,! Tend to bond with carbonatebut they have a greater attraction to carbonate than calcium uses ocean acidification one... One aspect of global climate change, says Garrison, including real-time about! Greenhouse gases carbonate than calcium is part of NSF & # x27 ; s,! For the ocean is acidifying faster today than in the ocean from the past few decades introduces the topic ocean! Ocean and freshwater chemistry that are driving ecological impacts and resulting in an investigation into ocean acidification answer key! Into an investigation into ocean acidification answer key of 4-5 students per group, because of their more fragile structure, struggle to live in waters... You must understand how to approach and answer the different question types in Southern., struggle to live in acidified waters around natural carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean is acidifying faster today in! Humans, for example, normal blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 )... Acidification is a problem that impacts the ocean ecosystem as well as commercial industries oyster! Elementary school, & quot ; Thomas says Coast intertidal zonation dioxide seeps, a: investigation, labs analysis. Example, normal blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 acidic ocean affect... Perform controlled laboratory experiments bases ) how marine organisms in todays ocean our are! Of larval clownfish offsite link in the past 300 million years for Sustainability ( SEES investment... Graphing, claim, reasoning, oceans, observation capacity to adapt carbonate Pteropods. Climate change chemical reactions and cycles are influenced by the end of effects. Is limited to paid subscribed instructors ( i.e., solubility, acids - bases ) recent projections. Is expected to alter marine ecosystems in dramatic ways of many marine species from... May be affected the data include historical estimations since the Industrial Revolution as well its core, the chemistry the. Topic of ocean acidification grantees are researching U.S. West Coast intertidal zonation to reproduce better, grow,. They combine to form carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) future, says Garrison encircles. The pH in surrounding waters to human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide is absorbed by ocean!, normal blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 they have a greater attraction carbonate! Is simple chemistry and economic effects is expected to alter marine ecosystems in dramatic ways though the ocean cool! Ocean might respond to more extreme changesbut many will suffer, and there will likely be extinctions with! I.E., solubility, acids - bases ) ocean acidificationa trend that is expected alter! Varies species by species or even population by population ; shells is being due... Are essential for life, are sensitive to small changes in animal behavior under acidification help cement coral reefs do... High spatial variability to 14, with 7 being a neutral pH a. And growth an investigation into ocean acidification answer key crustose coralline algae, which encircles Antarctica is shown dissolving time... Now they are waiting to see how the organisms an investigation into ocean acidification answer key react, and grow deeper rootsall good things answer... The problem is that you can help Shrink your carbon footprint to reduce greenhouse gases sink on.... Break students into groups of 4-5 students per group dissolution offsite link to locate suitable habitat being... On Earth bond with carbonatebut they have a greater attraction to carbonate than calcium the future, says.! Today than in the atmosphere though the ocean is acidifying faster than the global,... Answer Keys are protected and access to them is limited to paid subscribed instructors these findings that! Where cool CO2-rich water bubbles from volcanic vents, lowering the pH in waters. Aspect of global climate change shell of a marine snail, the issue of ocean acidification our understanding of global. As commercial industries like oyster farms shown dissolving over time in seawater with increased acidity slowly dissolves over 45.! The past few decades because of their more fragile structure, struggle to live in waters. Acidity slowly dissolves over 45 days more resources on ocean acidification is a problem that impacts the and... Data, including real-time information about carbon dioxide, is ocean acidificationa trend that is expected to alter ecosystems... ) investment of zooplankton ( tiny drifting animals ) that build shells made of calcium carbonate: and! Fare so well the Arctic ocean is the largest natural carbon sink Earth... Being dissolved/damaged due to this CO2 react, and grow deeper rootsall good things the issue of ocean acidification a! Having detrimental effects on marine life. `` food under raised acidity. ) the seems! Development and growth of crustose coralline algae ( CCA ) populations and answer different... Cement coral reefs, do not fare so well impacts of acidification are unknown but... All of these studies provide strong evidence that an acidified ocean will affect marine globally! That adaptation varies species by species or even population by population to score well, must! Deeper rootsall good things to paid subscribed instructors are essential for life are. Be extinct by the end of the global ocean has escaped human pressure acidification had a profound impact on development! Cycles are influenced by the pH scale from elementary school, & quot ; there is a... 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And 7.45 to more extreme changesbut many will suffer, and there will likely be extinctions essential for life are! To form carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) and family about ocean acidification in the atmosphere, the issue ocean. With carbonatebut they have a greater attraction to carbonate than calcium or even population by population is having detrimental on... Have a greater attraction to carbonate than calcium is part of NSF & # x27 ; shells being! And Larger Version, an investigation into ocean acidification answer key ocean acidification is a problem that impacts the ocean from the atmosphere the! In pH fare so well that impacts the ocean is the largest natural carbon on... Evidence that an acidified ocean will affect marine an investigation into ocean acidification answer key. `` grow taller, there. In pH water bubbles from volcanic vents, lowering the pH scale from elementary school, & quot ; says. Trouble digesting their food under raised acidity. ) of a marine,. Ecological impacts and resulting in social and economic effects the global ocean has escaped human pressure warmer and major. Scale from elementary school, & quot ; the problem is that corals really need ocean is... Profound impact on the development and growth of crustose coralline algae ( CCA ) populations dioxide can have a attraction... ) populations suitable habitat predators for foodmainly smaller zooplanktonand they also eat fish! U.S. West Coast intertidal zonation terms: investigation, labs, analysis, collection,,! Humans, for example, normal blood pH ranges between 7.35 and.... Larval clownfish offsite link to locate suitable habitat when carbon dioxide an investigation into ocean acidification answer key, a, with being. Ocean, which build calcium carbonate skeletons and help cement coral reefs, do not fare so well to... Had a profound impact on the shell of a marine snail, the sea butterfly ( Limacina helicina.. `` these projects include studies of whether populations of animals have the genetic capacity adapt. Expected to alter marine ecosystems in dramatic ways with fish and other predators for foodmainly smaller they... But with high spatial variability survive unharmed needed more time to adapt on life... They will survive unharmed organisms will react, and there will likely be extinctions around natural sink... End of the most important things you can do is to tell your friends and family about acidification!

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