It had a population of about 14,000 people and covered about six thousand square miles. The future Chief Powhatan was born Wahunsenacawh (sometimes written as Wahunsunacock) sometime in the 1540s or 1550s. At the time of the coming of the English, Powhatan is represented to have been about 60 years of age, of dignified bearing, and reserved and stern disposition. Plecker oversaw the Vital Statistics office in the state for more than 30 years, beginning in the early 20th century, and took a personal interest in eliminating traces of Virginia Indians. Both these attempts at settling beyond Jamestown soon failed, due to Powhatan resistance. Powhatan County and its county seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names established years later, in locations west of the area populated by the Powhatan peoples. Prior to the wedding, Reverend Alexander Whitaker converted Pocahontas and renamed her "Rebecca" at her baptism. c hief 3 p owhatan, ( p owhaten- w insonocock) (scent 2 flower, dashing 1 stream) was born bet. Opechancanough. As in 1622, the English retaliated. Mr Srettha, a Pheu Thai member, said on Wednesday he has been working with key party figures and is up for the new challenge. "Chief Powhatan"), created a powerful organization by affiliating 30 tributary peoples, whose territory was much of eastern Virginia, called Tsenacommacah ("densely-inhabited Land"), Wahunsunacawh came to be known by the English as "Chief Powhatan". However, since Smith's 1608 and 1612 reports omitted this account, many historians have doubted its accuracy. Nothing is known about Powhatan's bloodline except that the great Nemattanon/Don Luis de Velasco was probably his maternal uncle. Charles Dudley Warner, writing in the 19th century, but quoting extensively from John Smith's 17th-century writings, in his essay on Pocahontas states: "In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with fighting and the savage delights of life. Arrohattoc(Arro-hattoc/Arrohateck) Appomattoc (Appomattox) Mattaponi (Mattapa-nient) Pamunkey Youghtanund Powhatan. The official title Chief Powhatan used by the English is believed to have been derived from the name of this location. After Virginia passed stringent segregation laws in the early 20th century and ultimately the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 which mandated every person who had any African heritage be deemed black, Walter Plecker, the head of Vital Statistics office, directed all state and local registration offices to use only the terms "white" or "colored" to denote race on official documents and thereby eliminated all traceable records of Virginia Indians. While it is not known when Powhatan became chief, he was in power when the English who would form the Jamestown settlement arrived in April 1607. Cleopatra was born in 1600, in Orpax Farms Virginia. Very little is known of his early life growing up in a Powhatan. According to Smith, "The common sort have scarce to cover their nakedness but with grasse, the leaves of trees, or such like. was in Oxford in 1999, I found in the Ashmolean the following curious display in the Tradescant Room, Room Number 27, upstairs. Chief Powhatan, as his title states, is the chief of the Powhatan tribe. Our Family Tree From Find A Grave: Paramount Chief of Tsenacomoco, also known as the Powhatan Confederation 1618-1646. Pocahontas genealogy, featuring a stunning diagram of Pocahontas descendants. The waterways afforded a rich diet of fish and shellfish and the woods yielded nuts, fruits and berries. His tribe was locatedin the region between the James and York River in Virginia. Some believe that the event Smith recounted as a prelude to his execution was an adoption ceremony by which Smith was ritually accepted as subchief of the town of Capahosic in Powhatan's alliance. The Tradescants were ahead of their time in opening their privately owned museum to the fee-paying public and this practice was continued at the Ashmolean - Britain's first public museum. : the Amonsoquaths say she is Pocahontas' mother.). The inhabitants then moved on. Over his years of service, he conducted a campaign to reclassify all bi-racial and multi-racial individuals as black, believing such persons were fraudulently attempting to claim their race to be Indian or white. What he commandeth they dare not disobey in the least thing. Smith met, among others, Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas. The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) is the name of a Virginia Indian confederation of tribes. With Powhatan's own conquests, the empire included, among some 30 peoples, the Pamunkey, Mattapony, Chickahominy, and others likewise commemorated in the names of the streams and rivers of E Virginia. There is no evidence that Powhatan had a grandfather named Dashing Stream. Powhatan, alternately called "King" or "Chief" Powhatan by English settlers, led the main political and military power facing the early colonists, and was probably the older brother of Opechancanough, who led attacks against the settlers in 1622 and 1644. On the treacherous seizure of his favorite daughter, Pocahontas (q. v.), in 1613, he became openly hostile, but was happily converted for the time through her marriage to Rolfe. No cognate of Renape was ever recorded for Virginia Algonquian, although the form Renapoaks was recorded for Carolina Algonquian by Ralph Lane in 1586 (as a term used by the inhabitants of Roanoke Island for all those on the mainland). He had many names and titles; his own people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes Mamauatonick, and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk." The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes.". As a member of a matrilineal society, Chief Powhatan inherited his position from his mother, not his father. According to various accounts, Pocahontas and John Rolfe did, in fact, fall in love with each otherit was a consensual relationship. According to John Smith, the native Virginians were "Generally tall and straight," an observation confirmed by archeological analysis, which estimates that the average Powhatan stood at about six feet. To finish the "coronation", several English had to lean on Powhatan's shoulders to get him low enough to place the crown on his head, as he was a tall man. The House Committee on Natural Resources recommended the bill be considered by the US House of Representatives at the end of April, the House approved the bill on June 3, 2009. During the period, covered by the fragment, matters became so bad between the Whites and Indians, that Opechancanough was induced to agree upon a line being established which neither White nor Indian, excepting truce-bearers, should cross under penalty of being shot on sight. I am afraid that there is a lot of fabrication of names in the Indian ancestry. The Commonwealth recognizes eight tribes in addition to the above two-- there are the Upper Mattaponi, Chickahominy, Eastern Chickahominy, Nandsemond, Rappahannock, all of whom are Powhatan, and the Monacan to the west of the area of Tsenacomaco. His tribe was located in the region between the James and York River in Virginia. As a powerful leader, Powhatan followed two rules: "he who keeps his head higher than others ranks higher," and "he who puts other people in a vulnerable position, without altering his own stance, ranks higher." The coronation went badly because they asked Powhatan to kneel to receive the crown, which he refused to do. On Powhatan's death in 1618, Opechancanough, chief of the Pamunkey, became the central power in the confederacy, and he organized the general attack (1622) in which some 350 settlers were killed. English reprisals were equally violent, but there was no further fighting on a large scale until 1644, when Opechancanough led the last uprising, in which he was captured and murdered at Jamestown. Amopotoiske, don't have any children for her. The Federation suffered huge losses, including extinction of some bands after the introduction of European diseases, and under Wahunsenacawk, the Federation was apparently reorganized and included the Powhatans, the Arrohatecks, the Appamattucks, the Pamunkeys, the Mattaponis, the Chiskiacks, and the Kecoughtans. Cleopatra m. Opechancanough who was her father's brother and her uncle. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a mamanatowick (paramount chief), named Wahunsunacawh (a.k.a. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. The English soon seized the best lands, and Powhatan quickly retaliated. For over a decade, the English killed men and women, captured children and systematically razed villages, seizing or destroying crops. ", When I (the ed.) Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, (now King William County), (now Virginia), The Powhatan Tribe, Chief Powhatan and Pocahontas, Werowance of the Powhatan, Father of Wahunsenacawh, http://mackhistory.com/genealogy/gp529.htm. His large-scale attacks in 1622 and 1644 met strong reprisals by the English, resulting in the near elimination of the tribe. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River, not far from where his brother Opechancanough ruled one of the member tribes at Youghtanund. She soon converted to Christianity and drew the interest of colonist John Rolfe. Soon conflict led to the First Anglo-Powhatan War, and further English colonial settlement beyond Jamestown and into Powhatan's territory. Powhatan died soon after, in April 1618, in the territory that is now part of Virginia. Best Known For: Chief Powhatan was the father of Pocahontas and the ruler of the tribes that lived in the area where English colonists founded the Jamestown settlement in 1607. http://www.nativeamericans.com/PowhatanConfederacy.htm. Born Wahunsenacawk of the Pamunkey people. Many variants are used in texts: Little is known of Powhatan's life before the arrival of English colonists in 1607. There archeologists have found evidence of a large residential settlement dating to 1200, with major earthworks built about 1400. Costume varied according to sex, age and status. Succession of the ruler passed from brother to brother and so on, then to sisters and their heirs. In 1691, the House of Burgesses abolished Indian slavery; however, many Powhatan were held in servitude well into the 18th century. In fact, she married her father's bravest Patawomeck warrior, Kocoum after Captain Smith went home to England. The peace that came with Pocahontas's marriage lasted for the rest of Powhatan's life. Some researchers have asserted that a mock execution was a ritual intended to adopt Smith into the tribe, but other modern writers dispute this interpretation. John Rolfe was one of Pocahontass many Jamestown teachers before their marriage; he instructed her in matters of the new culture she was being assimilated into, and he also taught her all about Christianity. Chief Powhatan was the chief of the Algonquian Indian Tribe. Some of the most detailed descriptions of Powhatan people concerns their appearance. The Powhatans were a part of the late Woodlands culture of the southeastern part of the United States. Although Powhatan maintained residences amongst all the tribes, his usual dwelling-place was a Werowocomoco, on the north side of the York River. Peace with Powhatan was secured when his daughter Pocahontas married (1614) John Rolfe. Naming and terminology The name "Powhatan" (also transcribed by Strachey as Paqwachowng) the name of the village or town that Wahunsunacawh came from. During that next year, the tribe attacked and killed many Jamestown residents. [6] The numerous Rolfe family descendants comprised one of the First Families of Virginia, one with both English and Virginia Indian roots. He may have indeed been saved by execution by Pocahontas, or perhaps he misunderstood a ritual in which he was an unwitting part. They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan or Virginia Algonquin. In November 1609, Captain John Ratcliffe was invited to Orapakes, Powhatan's new capital. The English effectively destroyed two subtribes, the Kecoughtan and the Paspahegh, at the beginning of this war. Parents. English reprisals were equally violent, but there was no further fighting on a large scale until 1644, when Opechancanough led the last uprising, in which he was captured and murdered at Jamestown. The settlers had a difficult time until new supplies and leadership arrived in the summer of 1610. Bison had migrated to this area by the early 15th century. At his head sat a woman, at his feet another, on each side, sitting upon a mat upon the ground, were ranged his chief men on each side [of] the fire, ten in a rank, and behind them as many young women, each a great chain of white beads over their shoulders, their heads painted in red, and [he] with such a grave a majestical countenance as drove me into admiration to see such state in a naked savage. By 1607, he had added considerably to his domain which, at its peak, numbered over 30 tribes. Since the dog was the only animal domesticated by the Powhatans, hunting was an important way to supplement the diet, and was a task relegated to the men of the tribe. While the southern frontier demarcated in 1646 was respected for the remainder of the 17th century, the House of Burgesses lifted the northern one on September 1, 1649. In addition to the ongoing conflicts with the ever-expanding English settlements and their inhabitants, the Powhatan suffered a high death rate due to infectious diseases, maladies introduced to North America by the Europeans to which the Native Americans of the United States had developed no natural immunities. Birth of Wahunseneca, Paramount chief of the Powhatan, Birth of Tatacope Powhatan, Weroance of Quiyocohannock, Birth of Secotin Sonacock, of the Powhatan, "Emperor of Virginia", "Wahunsenacawh", "Wahunsenacah", "Wahunsunacock or Wahunsonacock", "Emperor Wahunsomacock Powhattan", "Powhatan", "Wahunsenacowh", "Chief of the Powhatan", "Chief Powhatan", "Nemattanon", "Chief Powhatan Wahansonacock", King William, King William County, Virginia, United States, Chief and leader of the Powhatan Nation, Chief of a federation of Algonquian Indian tribes that lived in the tidewater region of VA, Chief of Powhatan, Chalakatha chieftain, Chief of Powhatan Confederation, Iroquois Indian Nation. This physically separated the Nansemonds, Weyanokes and Appomattox, who retreated southward, from the other Powhatan tribes then occupying the Middle Peninsula and Northern Neck. Some time after his release, Smith, in [3] As the historian Margaret Williamson Huber has written, "Powhatan calculated that moving Smith and his men to Capahosic would keep them nearby and better under his control."[1]. His proper name was Wahunsenacawh and he was the father of Pocahontas. These attempts met with strong reprisals from the colonists, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. The better sort use large mantels of deare skins not much different from the Irish mantels." In 1607, the English adventurer John Smith was captured by Opchanacanough, Powhatan's youngest brother. I cite her as Leona throughout. Excavations continue by a team headed by the College of William and Mary. . The natives also used fire to maintain extensive areas of open game habitat throughout the East, later called "barrens" by European colonists. The Powhatan also had rich fishing grounds. Woodward says the name of Pocahontas' mother was unknown to the colonists. Father of Werowance of the Powhatan, Father of Wahunsenacawh Son of Werowance of the Powhatan, Father of Wahunsenacawh and PauPauwiske, of the Powhatan Collectively, the tribes currently have 3,000-3,500 enrolled tribal members. The Powhatan Confederacy stretched from the Potomac river south along the Virginia coast into upper North Carolina, and west to the fall line of the rivers. How it was acquired is unclear, though the father and son, Tradescant, both had ties to Virginia. The settlers had hoped for friendly relations and had planned to trade with the Virginia Indians for food. This contributed to their downfall. Powhatan craved the trade goods brought by the English, which would give him increased status, make his peoples' lives easier and also help him to expand his empire to the west. Birth of Werowance of the Powhatan, Father of Wahuns "His name was not Morning Ripple; Chief of the Powhatan", "Wininocock Mangopesamom". [5] Rolfe's longtime friend, Reverend Richard Buck, presided the wedding. Soon afterward, the English established a second fort, Fort Algernon, in Kecoughtan territory. The confederacy was estimated to include 10,000-15,000 people. Werowances (chiefs) wore fine clothes and many ornaments of pearl, rare shell beads and copper, the precious metal of the Powhatans. Chief Roy Crazy Horse of the Powhatan Renape Nation said the Disney movie "distorts history beyond recognition.". [9] Modern historians have dismissed this tale as lacking credibility; nonetheless, a commemorative sculpture of Powhatan has stood at the site since 1985. Although it is difficult to estimate, modern historians number the native population of 1607 Tidewater Virginia at 13,000 to 14,000. Work since then has added to their belief that this is the location of Werowocomoco. Mother Nonoma Ripple Winanuske. The skirt was the ubiquitous garment for women; those of higher-status swathed themselves in fringed deerskin. Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to encroach on Powhatan territory. Powhatan's daughter, meanwhile married Englishman John Rolfe and converted to Christianity. Yet another closely related tribe in the midst of these others, all speaking the same language, was the Chickahominy, who managed to preserve their autonomy from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. Grace Woodward tells us the colonists reported these chants as the men howling "like wolves" and foaming at the mouth. Chief Powhatan builds his chiefdom Wahunsunacawh had inherited control over just six tribes, but dominated more than thirty by the time the English settlers established their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. We're Related to Royalty and Famous People, Werowance of the Powhatan, Father of Wahunsenacawh, Ohalasc, "queen" of the Quiyoughcohanocks, Tatacope Powhatan, Weroance of Quiyocohannock, Opechancanough "Mangopeesomon", paramount chief of the Powhatan, Opussunaquonuske (Opachisco), of the Powhatan. The Powhatan was the father of Pocahontas and other children. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, Powhatan moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River, near where his younger brother Opchanacanough ruled at Youghtanund. What he commandeth they dare not disobey in the least thing." Other historians, such as Helen Rountree, have questioned whether there was any risk of execution. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. Those aboard the pinnace escaped and told the tale at Jamestown. It came about after her alliance in marriage on April 5, 1614 to John Rolfe, a leading tobacco planter. Smith was taken to Werowocomoco, Powhatan's capital along the York River. PhillyNews Article - Sep.2010. Tribute was to be offered to the English king of "Twenty beaver skins att the going away of geese yearely." He apparently inherited the leadership of about 46 tribes, with its base at the Fall Line near present-day Richmond. He was said to be a "tall, well-proportioned man with a sower looke, his head somewhat gray, his beard so thinne that it seemeth none at all, his age neare sixtie, of a very able and hardy body, to endure any labor."[13]. In addition to the Powhatan, these were the Pamunkey, the Arrohateck, the Appamattuck, the Youghtanund and the Mattaponi. John Smith shortly after the arrival of the latter in Virginia, and took him to his brother, the head-chief Powhatan (q. v.). As descendants of the Powhatan Chiefdom that met the first English settlers at Jamestown in 1607, the Pamunkey are perhaps the best-known indigenous group in what is now the United States. In 1983, the Virginia Council on Indians was established, consisting of nine tribal representatives and three at-large members. No other Powhatan Indian was recorded as using the name Mangopeesomon. The colonists effectively destroyed two subtribes, the Kecoughtan and the Paspahegh, at the beginning of this war. Brother of sister of Powhatan; Opechancanough "Mangopeesomon", paramount chief of the Powhatan; Poechananough Winanuske; Opussunaquonuske (Opachisco), of the Powhatan; Apachamo Kekataugh (Catataugh) Powhatan and 3 others; Wowincho Powhatan; 2nd sister of Powhatan and mother of Nectowance less On March 22, 1622, Opechancanough's carefully-orchestrated plan to dismay and perhaps even rout his enemy was executed by his warriors throughout the small English settlements in Virginia. Powhatan's central village, Werowocomoco, is believed to have been located in Gloucester County, Virginia. The English initially mistook him for the paramount Powhatan (mamanatowick), who was in fact his father, Wahunsunacawh. Murmring was born circa 1425, in Blue Ridge, Indian Land, future Virginia. It is estimated that there were about 14,00021,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. Tsenacommacah (pronounced /snkmk/ in English; "densely inhabited land"; also written Tscenocomoco, Tsenacomoco, Tenakomakah, Attanoughkomouck, and Attan-Akamik)[1] is the name given by the Powhatan people to their native homeland,[2] the area encompassing all of Tidewater Virginia and parts of the Eastern Shore. According to Smith, of some 30 cognate tribes subject to his rule in 1607, all but six were his own conquests. More precisely, its boundaries spanned 100 miles (160 km) by 100 miles (160 km) from near the south side of the mouth of the James River all the way north to the south end of the Potomac River and from the Eastern Shore west to about the Fall Line of the rivers. The undisputed ruler of Tidewater Virginia was Wahunsonacock, usually referred to by this title as "Powhatan." To appease him, he was given a crown, and a coronation ceremony was formally performed by Christopher Newport in 1609. This brief time of peace ended in 1617 with the death of Pocahontas during a trip to England and, the next year, of her father. It is true that the various tribes each held some individual powers locally. Prior to the wedding, Reverend Alexander Whitaker converted Pocahontas and renamed her "Rebecca" at her baptism. It extends from Hampton Roads westerly to the confluence of the Jackson River and Cowpasture River near the town of Clifton Forge. (bio by: Iola), Burial: Pamunkey Indian Reservation King William King William County Virginia, USA Plot: Next to the railroad tracks, Maintained by: Find A Grave Record added: Jun 01, 1999 Find A Grave Memorial# 5569, --------------------------------------------------------------. Powhatan sent Nemattanew to operate against English colonists on the upper James River, though they held out at Henricus. (ed. Smith later wrote that Pocahontas saved his life during this time. Two of these tribes, the Mattaponi and Pamunkey, still retain their reservations from the 17th century and are located in King William County, Virginia. Many variants are used in texts: Little is known of Powhatan's life before the arrival of English colonists in 1607. They built their houses, called yehakins, by bending saplings and placing woven mats or bark over top of the saplings. The modern Mattaponi and Patawomeck tribes believe that Powhatan's line also survives through Ka-Okee, Pocahontas' daughter by her first husband Kocoum. They cultivated corn, fished, and hunted. The center of power held by Chief Powhatan (and his several successors) is much more concisely defined as a "complex chiefdom." Of his many capitals, Powhatan favored Werowocomoco, on the left bank of the York River near modern Purtan Bay, where Capt. The surviving settlers' reaction to the Powhatan uprising was retaliation, and the English, better armed and organized than the Powhatans, set to with a vengeance. They note that Smith failed to mention it in his 1608 and 1612 accounts, and only added it to his 1624 memoir, after Pocahontas had become famous. ', The record of the General Court was evidently intended to be a verbatim copy, though they differ somewhat in phraseology and spelling:--, 'December 17th 1641--Thomas Rolph petitions Gov. Matachanna was married a total of 3 times, others unknown. Their area embraced most of tidewater Virginia and the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. He died in 1618, leaving the succession to his brother, Opitchapan, who however was soon superseded by a younger brother, the noted Opechancanough. In this gallery what has survived of their collection is exhibited along with other objects given to the University in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Whether she was gathering wood, making pottery, preparing food, dressing hides, caring for the garden or making clothing, a Powhatan woman was seldom at rest. John Smith remarked that for the bulk of the year, Powhatans relied on other sources of food. Today, the Virginia Indian community is a strong one which takes pride in its heritage and responsibility for teaching others about its unique culture, which impacts on the life of every American today. In the same session of the General Assembly, six tribes were officially recognized; by 1990, two more tribes were given official status. Sources Much of the above was gleaned from notes by Pat M. Stevens (pat@patmstevens.com ), Leona M. Simonini (leesim@psln.com) Sources: Title: For the spelling of Wahunsonacock, Lee Miller's from her work "Roanoke," 2001 Title: Capt. Charles Dudley Warner, writing in the 19th century, but quoting extensively from John Smith's 17th-century writings, in his essay on Pocahontas states: "In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with fighting and the savage delights of life. The competing cultures of the Powhatan and English settlers were united temporarily through the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. They also appeared in the straight-to-video sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998). The town's defense killed perhaps twenty Powhatan. [12], In his 1906 work Lives of Famous Chiefs, Norman Wood described Powhatan, based on reports from English colonists. You have to be VERY careful if you are using the Shawnee Heritage books. Within a few years both Powhatan and Pocahontas were dead. The English captured Opechancanough, by then an old and feeble man, and brought him to Jamestown, where he was shot in the back by a soldier against orders. Powhatan, alternately called "King" or "Chief" Powahatan by the English, led the main political and military power facing the early colonists, was probably the older brother of Opechancanough, who led attacks against the English in 1622 and 1644. Several tribes lost their reservations and some opted to blend into the colonial scene as best they could. They point out that nothing is known of 17th-century Powhatan adoption ceremonies. Many historians attribute to a minor level the failure of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War in part to the weakness of the central government in comparison to the Union. Their tongue was a derivative of Algonquian on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay and the Hudson and Delaware river basins. Both these attempts were met with strong reprisals from the English, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. After the uprising, the colonists recovered and expanded their territory, even as the Powhatan empire declined both in power and population. (The notes are paraphrased from Ashmolean Museum notes, unless they are quotes.). Smith became the first Englishman to meet the paramount chief, Powhatan. John Smith reported that Powhatan was "in his sixtyes" by the Jamestown settlement Title: I have seen his birth date spread from the early 1540s to as late as 1555; with 1545 I follow Smith's report in the previous note Title: He dies the same year Sir Walter Raleigh is executed by King James Title: John Rolfe reported his death in June, 1618, according to Grace Steele Woodward in her "Pocahontas". At the same time, he sent another force with Francis West to build a fort at the James River falls. He added the Kecoughtan to his fold by 1598. Powhatan (c. 1547 c. 1618), whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh (alternately spelled Wahunsenacah, Wahunsunacock or Wahunsonacock), was the leader of the Powhatan, an alliance of Algonquian-speaking Native Americans living in Tsenacommacah, in the Tidewater region of Virginia at the time when English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607. Into Powhatan 's central village, Werowocomoco, on the left bank of York! 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