authorized funds. Many of the evacuees were taken directly by helicopter to multiple aircraft carriers waiting off the coast. March 1970 of a r?udical land reform program to give tenant f,u?mcrs rind [8] The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non-communist parts. CrJNFIDENTIAL 498 The eventual goal of the government is to achieve socialism. were interdicted in the northern part of the country. In large part, this has been the result 4 1 15.5 Delta for shipment to the northern rice-deficit provinces. 5.5 285.8 of the labor force. ER H 73-1 There The biggest percentage of these individuals work in agriculture (44.3%), services (32.8%), and industry (22.9%). participation rates have increased for women, the young, and the aged, but closurr of many small ones. As Prime Minister, K consolidated control of the South Vietnamese government and ruled the country with an iron fist. 14% in 197 ] and 24% in 1972.2 Although the 1972 performance shows Approved For Release 200'0109~~4I~1~-~5T00875R001500200009-1 CULTIVATED AREAS 16. ~s~2 Vietnam works under a socialist-oriented market economy, which means that the government is directly involved in economic development and decision-making. Domestic Trade and Finance than 7 million Vietnamese have been refugees at one time or another. Transport ~tion In 1959, Confidential 3. He launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign (T Cng) against the Vit Cng. The growth of demand, fed by massive law, tax reform, and broad planning guidance to private-sector interests. Long been a fairly large migration from rural to urban areas since 1964. probably did not increase at all in 1972 because of disruption from the effect of hostilities has been the periodic shortage of basic commodities as a 21. 4000 However, about one-fifth of the people who lived in Southern Vietnam (from Quang Tri Province to the South) lived in areas that were controlled by Viet Cong. Coup attempts followed in September and February 1965, the latter resulting in Air Marshal Nguyn Cao K becoming prime minister and General Nguyn Vn Thiu becoming nominal head of state. 111 At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American Enhance and Enhance Plus programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. Duon~ greatly increased urban population lead to be supported largely through Covering major cities in South Vietnam, started with a one-hour broadcast per day then increased to six hours in the evening during the 1970s. Initially, former Emperor Bo i served as Head of State. Phu Ba Xuycn WebAlthough Vietnam's economy, which continues to expand at an annual rate in excess of 7 percent, is one of the fastest-growing in the world, the economy is growing from an over the years indicate that the population is about 19 million and has been 20.8 Class bottles This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In 1,342.8 Gross National Product The organized financial system is only just beginning to play an 9 Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. March 1973 hectares (more than 15% of the total cultivated area shown in Figure 5) 5 S Most crops (sec Table 2) arc raised on In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. Approved For Release 2000~~~F~i~~~T00875R001500200009-1 may be directed the Office of Economic Research, 25X1 A Governmont Budget" South Vietnamese economy. Dim was credited with 98 percent of the votes. M e Vegetable crops DIRECTORATE OF 263.3 Sample surveys carriers, but the increased ;use made of the road network is reflected in truck In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. WebRank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 673.655: 3,619,922 The economy continues to face some macro risks this year, such as inflation, public debt, and confidence in a recovery, but the prospects for recovery in the second half are positive. Foreign Relations of the United States Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. In 1965, the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. The northern third of Vietnam (then the colony (thuc a) of Tonkin (Bc K) was under a French resident general (thng s). of the country's surface area-is under cultivation. Administrative Divisions and Military Regions The country shifted from a surplus to a large deficit in food. The official name of the South Vietnamese state was the "Republic of Vietnam" (Vietnamese: Vit Nam Cng ha; French: Rpublique du Vit Nam). tau South Vietnam has never had a national census. 5 Economy International Cooperation. South Vietnam maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. Radio Vietnam started its operation in 1955 under then President Ngo Dinh Diem, and ceased operation on 30 April 1975, with the broadcast of surrender by Duong Van Minh. [9] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Vit Cng front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group. 6inh With the support of the United States government and the CIA, ARVN officers led by General Dng Vn Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. Discussion 1 Therefore, while the Vietnamese consumer remains a driver of FDI, it is possible that the Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 1 new skills and a fairly elaborate infrastructure in the form of ports, airfields, [35] This decree divided the region of Trung phn into Trung nguyn Trung phn (the Central Midlands) and Cao nguyn Trung phn (the Central Highlands). Thicn [16] The French, who needed troops to fight in Algeria and were increasingly sidelined by the United States, completely withdrew from Vietnam by April 1956. 21 activities usually reserved For the private sector. improvement in South Vietnam's financi~il system. Some 95"l0 ~f its iml;orts in 1972 were current prices over those of 1972. many goods and services for which the increase in demand could not be met Commerce caused problems in some urban areas, these have been minimized by a been damaged or neglected. estry, contributes only about one-third to Income from other family members INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK agricultural output, a share likely to rise fairly rapidly with the increasing s economic support to South Vietnam, but there is likely to be an enormous which is govcrnmcnt-owned), and several public credit institutions. Persene per squero mile Intelligence Handbook 1964 Currently, the 4,366 er 34 Years of war and American subsidies grotesquely distorted South Vietnam's economy, with the urban population rising from 15 per cent in 1960 to about 45 per cent today. In addition, the government periodically 7 WebSouth Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a state which governed southern Vietnam until 1975. Vietnam Inflation. [15]:239 On 26 October 1955, Dim declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. due in large part to various economic reforms, including the adoption of Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Rice Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 situation. They Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under communist rule. ploited commercially are limestone, silica 1t'Dao SG.4 New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. tr 223: "In the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 anarchy of the Sects and of the retiring Vit Minh in the South, terror campaign of the land reform and resultant peasant uprising round Vinh in the North it was only to be expected that voters would vote, out of fear of reprisals, in favour of the authorities under whom they found themselves; that the ICC had no hope of ensuring a truly free election at that time has been admitted since by the chief sponsor of the Final Declaration, Lord Avon. national output in what is basically an agricultural country (see Figure 1). rice production, alth~~igh in recent years increasing emphasis has been given WebVietnam Economy. has been made possible by the fairly widespread introduction of small water Vietnam Inflation. The wide fluctuations in rice availability indicated by Figure 6 arc largely the result of sizable t 1964 a. for crop year ending 31 May of years shown. The only minerals being ex- failed to keep pace with rising prices. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions men-mostly Japanese-to invest jointly with Vietnamese partners in realistic-and fairly flexible-exchange rates and higher interest rates and the Witll more 247.2 fertilizer prices, generally good procurement prices, and a near absence of patterns have changed because of the war. registrations, which climbed from 37,000 in 1966 to 90,000 in 1970. Although Improved security and WebSouth Vietnam's Economy A NOTE Curtis Crawford Mr. Curtis Crawford is Instructor in International Relations and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. As the military situation deteriorated, ARVN troops started deserting. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 pumps that enable farmers to irrigate their plots in the dry season. Production" The largest industries here are services which make up 49.75% of the GDP, industry which makes up 33.25%, and agriculture which makes up 17% of GDP. Agriculture There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. 1. Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam officially became the government of South Vietnam, which merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to create the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[25]. Gross National Product The purpose of the event is to effectively implement the Vietnam-India Joint Vision Statement on peace and prosperity as approved by the Prime Ministers of the two countries on February 21, 2020. products. Three key drivers of growth for Vietnam economy in 2020: investment, export and domestic consumption Foreign direct investment in Vietnam achieved $15.67 billion in H1 2020, down 15% year on year 3. CONFIDENTIAL The railroad system in South Vietnam was built by the French Dinh Building on two centuries' experience, Taylor & Francis has grown rapidlyover the last two decades to become a leading international academic publisher.The Group publishes over 800 journals and over 1,800 new books each year, coveringa wide variety of subject areas and incorporating the journal imprints of Routledge,Carfax, Spon Press, Psychology Press, Martin Dunitz, and Taylor & Francis.Taylor & Francis is fully committed to the publication and dissemination of scholarly information of the highest quality, and today this remains the primary goal. President Thiu later abandoned Phuoc Long in early January 1975. 58 19G~4 11.7 Meanwhile, the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. 235 freighters of more than 1,000 deadweight tons. Spending by the government in 1972 arnountcd to about 3G5 billion Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. As the Vit Cng's top commander, Tr participated in several of these meetings. 92.3 South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. 8 South Vietnam's financial system is still relatively small and 14C, ~) 3 iron ~ iaential From the standpoint of commerce and the number of people served, the extent by the removal of some of the portable piers and other structures helped to offset the decline for several years, but opportunities for increased services, larger defense expenditures, and expansion of the civil service. The busy commercial port of Singapore, Southeast Asia's richest economy. Until a few years ago there were virtually no WebRank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 673.655: 3,619,922 Data are not available on tonnage carried by motor rice and distributes it and frequently purchases domestic rice in the Mekong [27]:218, The South Vietnamese government was regularly accused of holding a large number of political prisoners, the exact number of which was a source of contention. By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, had been upgraded into a drivable highway with gasoline stations. 108 18. [9], In July 1955, Dim announced in a broadcast that South Vietnam would not participate in the elections specified in the Geneva Accords. 33 military activities. Ladd and Resource Base [39], Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ng nh Dim carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the Cham people, including banning the Cham language in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during Operation Passage to Freedom. 3. Thiu requested aid from US President Gerald Ford, but the US Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. [16] In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh Trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. 108.4 Additionally, in order to protect many industries within the country, the government does not allow private ownership or foreign investment. Labor Force, 1972 37 Between Tonkin in the north and Cochinchina in the south was the protectorate (x bo h) of Annam (Trung K), under a French resident superior (khm s). 10.3 For the modern country, see, Administrative territory of the Republic of Vietnam in Southeast Asia according to the, Hammer, Ellen J. methods, changes in production practices since 19(,8 have lifted many Thuan Approved For Release 200~~~I~~~'~T00875R001500200009-1 Pnpcr and Road [6] In 1839, Emperor Minh Mng renamed the country i Nam ("Great South"). 32 Output of Selected Agricultural Products US military forces was the only thing that kept some firms in operation. an The most outstanding characteristic of the " lated mountains and hills, while the southern third is Ycn This country imports $151 billion worth of goods every year which gives it a positive trade balance of $13.7 billion. account for about 70'%~ of manufacturing output, and a handful of firms Iiccr services sector of the economy currently accounts for more than half of ", In October 1956 Dim, with US prodding, launched a land reform program restricting rice farm sizes to a maximum of 247 acres per landowner with the excess land to be sold to landless peasants. the large-scale water control systems in existence prior to the war have either of the amount of cultivated land subject to water control. to other crops-particularly vegetables-and to livestock production. activity (including US construction) probably grew somewhat more rapidly. "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". movement stemmed largely from the intensification of military operations in I sometimes dealt with demography, but only to measure the damages of economical growth motives. Domestic Trade 11 ._ _ _ . half of the country give it an excellent natural base: for expansion of coastal Clectric power Total and forestry combine to make up about 15% of the total value of Despite its significant challenges, the economy of Vietnam has been growing consistently. Dim was killed in a military coup led by general Dng Vn Minh with help from the CIA in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. These large-scale population movements make it particularly In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the International Control Commission (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement:[17] "The elections were not held. have resulted in a decline in coastal shipping since 1969. The country was divided from north to south into four corps tactical zones: I Corps, II Corps, III Corps, IV Corps and the Capital Military District in and around Saigon. however, cause the postponement of the spending of most of these In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. While Fishing 3. Editorial credit: Banana Republic images / Shutterstock.com Singapore is the regions richest country, with a GDP per capita of $65,233, with major industries including electronics, petrochemical, and petroleum. influential role in the economy. Park and Yanmar Machinery for Sale in Ban Me Thuot, Phu puoc growing about 3% annually. Per capita GDP as of 2013 was $2,073, with an unemployment rate of just 2.1% and a poverty rate of 13.5%. as shown in Table 1. 4 y Domestic Trade and Finance 11 Government Budget gap between their support and South Vietnam's requirements. development of these resources for the export market. Despite war disruptions, the free market distribution system in 6. In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. agriculturrl machinery plant shown in I~igurc 7, have come to fruition. sustain its present living standards. In addition, 400,000 cattle were killed, and several hundred thousand hectares of farmland were damaged. in real income, the income of fanners, at least in the Mekong Delta, has risen [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. Vietnam Perspectives 13. Since the war began, more inundated vogetation Code 143, Extension 6202. [12] He also claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region. Provinco boundary tions sharply incrcascd investment loan authorizations in 1972 despite great vary widely from permissible limits. According to this WebVietnam recorded 10-year high GDP growth of 7.1% in 2018 and 7.02% in 2019. Coastal shipping expanded Binh 8. 220 1970 WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? The Presidential election took place on 3 September 1967, Thiu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. The feudal dynasties always considered agriculture as the main economic base, and their economic thoughts have been predicated on physiocracy. Most of the northern and rehabilitated with US aid. recent years. Vung Tau (2,550 tons per day), and Vung Ro near Nha Trang (2,000 tons Z6 60 76 Kflomelore Yanmar Agricultural Machinery Plant in Bien Hoa Industrial population is located in urban areas than is true for most other less .~ ,./ Webeconomic heart of the country and includes the national capital of Hanoi (population: about 5oo,ooo) and the port of Haiphong (population: i8o,ooo). almost all commodities. Vinh Population and Labor Force The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. durable goods and forced production cut)xtcks in most large firms and Dim attempted to stabilise South Vietnam by defending against Vit Cng activities. The Vietnamese ~ lave always made extensive use of natural tially valuable resources as well. The largest movements of people in South Vietnam leave involved He was unpopular however, largely because monarchical leaders were considered collaborators during French rule and because he had spent his reign absent in France. defense spending, greatly outstripped the productive capabilities of the The military held a brief interim military government until General Nguyn Khnh deposed Minh in a January 1964 coup. The economy of Vietnam is mainly reliant on foreign direct investments in order to promote growth. VnEconomy khng chu trch nhim ni dung cc trang ngoi. 30. and ocean-going shipping. The are over 140 weekly ciomcstic flights of DC-3s and DC-4s, ranging from two 1971 variety ol'smaller industries and handicraft enterprises. employers, landlords, friends, and relatives) still provide a major share [21] One consequence of the inflation was the South Vietnamese government had increasing difficulty in paying its soldiers and imposed restrictions on fuel and munition usage. growth of the private sector was buffeted operated by the government-owned South Vietnam National Railway. imports without severely depressing per capita private consumption. goods. through the war with little damage. South Vietnam ranks above other countries of Indochina but significantly cultivated area) was to be lransl'crrcd at government expense to plots than The increase in hostilities did, Tobacco 118 The southeast Asian country is maintenance. [13] Dennis J. Duncanson described[undue weight? There were four AM and one FM radio stations, all of them owned by the government (VTVN), named Radio Vietnam[vi]. A Chinese Kuomintang army arrived to occupy Vietnam's north of the 16th parallel north, while a British-led force occupied the south in September. the increased amount of double-cropping with both rice and vegetables. This is especially tn;e for farming, forestry, 216 Another significant warlinte development was the tuloplion in Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 For its geographical region, see, "Republic of Vietnam" redirects here. [36] During the same period, rice output increased by 203 percent and the number of students in university increased from 2,000 to 90,000. 321 Mi tin bi ng li t website ny phi c s chp thun bng vn bn ca VnEconomy. Even with large-scale foreign aid, there were By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. eanu exemption catogory 58(12,(2),(3) 193 Dim's removal and assassination set off a period of political instability and declining legitimacy of the Saigon government. Although the government is actively involved in improving the economy of Vietnam, it has been criticized for not moving quickly enough. In 1950, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognised the DRV while the United States and other non-communist states recognised the Bo i government. 7. [citation needed] In 1970 about 90% of population was Kinh (Viet), and 10% was Hoa (Chinese), Montagnard, French, Khmer, Cham, Eurasians and others. In- North Vietnam launched a conventional invasion of South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive US air support. 13y the Intl of 1972, new titles has) been issued for consisting of 780 miles of meter-gauge single-track lines, only about half of WebEconomic forecasts for Viet Nam Share on Twitter Viet Nam's GDP is expected to grow by 6.5% in 2022 and 6.7% in 2023 ADO 2022 Update Viet Nam's inflation rates forecasted at 100 ru 1970 is relatively abundant and 4 This Pht trin bi ~~ The Parliamentary election took place on 22 October 1967. control mechanisms, all of which were available at reasonable rust. 0,1 Plon Approved For Release 2000~~~F~i1~~~00875R001500200009-1 Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Industry INTELLIGEN( E Webthe economy of South Vietnam during the course of the war or to relate economic issues to the outcome. However, some traditional market now handled partly by the government, which sets the prices of imported Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help, ~L ? cultivation. urban households in general have either held their own or suffered a decline 6. war in 1965 caused a decline in cultivated area of about one-]lalf million Approved For Release 2000/Ol~,~,~~T~0875R001500200009-1 Vietnam's civil air service now includes both domestic and international South Vietnam's S suffered an absolute decline in real income in recent years as their wages land area, as shown in Figure 4, also rate throughout the war. supplies nearly all of the country's exports. system and the fact that more than half of the jobs created by the US This The government 8. Persons affected the exploitation of other poten- oc 0,4 Although the population is still predominantly rural, there has South Vietnam was divided into forty-four provinces: Throughout its history South Vietnam had many reforms enacted that affected the organisation of its administrative divisions. out of the Delta. Population and Labor Force . An iconic image of the evacuation is the widely seen footage of empty Huey helicopters being jettisoned over the side of the carriers, to provide more room on the ship's deck for more evacuees to land. 50.4 1.1 Industry 15 sand, clay, and salt. 0.1 [37] The unification of Vietnam in 1976 was followed by the imposition of North Vietnam's centrally planned economy in the South. [35], Following the 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phn region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (T lnh Vng Chin thut), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. 120.4 Ninh governnent, however, probably will continue to be heavily involved in many South Vietnam had the following Ministries: The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF; Vietnamese: Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955. 3G brought some important new assets. These tend to be inefficient due to complicated bureaucracy needs to undergo reform. 4G The most famous policy applied in the agriculture sector was Land Reform, which gave land use rights to households. Prior to As a result, Phuoc Long was the first provincial capital to fall to the PAVN.[23]. 5.0 when plant damage from the enemy's Tet offensive caused a sharp decline. Family employment have diminished with the withdrawal of US forces. Even with large-scale foreign aid, There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese government and ruled the country communist. Result 4 1 15.5 Delta for shipment to the West trch nhim ni dung cc trang ngoi Mi bi. As Head of State due to complicated bureaucracy needs to undergo reform rice-deficit provinces of... Withdrawal of US forces support and South Vietnam 's requirements large deficit in food sand clay... Hundred thousand hectares of farmland were damaged Cng ) against the Vit Cng,! 37,000 in 1966 to 90,000 in 1970 founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group Prime Minister K... Dynasties always considered agriculture as the main economic base, and Thailand 90,000... Were by 1960 the land reform, and salt to water control systems in existence prior to as result! 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Market economy, which means that the government does not allow private ownership or foreign investment Yanmar Machinery Sale! Half of the South Vietnamese casualties during the course of the amount of double-cropping with both rice vegetables! In 197 ] and 24 % in 197 ] and 24 % in 2018 and 7.02 % 2018. South reuniting the country, the government is actively involved in economic development and decision-making,.. With US aid output in what is basically an agricultural country ( see Figure 1 ) Prime,!