All around the hidden poo pockets of the internet, people seem to be asking one question: Why do bookstores make me want to poop? Your intestinal tract is more sensitive and prone to movement early in the day, notes Dr. Lee. Nutrients. Finish your cup of joe at least one hour before your run so it can make its way through your stomach. But we really have no idea.Some theories suggest that the smell of old paper or ink has a laxative effect, possibly due to the association of reading on the toilet. The highest volume and longest emission of the day is usually in the morning when the colon wakes up, says gastroenterologist Anish Sheth, MD, author of Whats Your Poo Telling You?. Youll get to know the ingredients, when to take bang energy drinks and how to use bang energy drinks. Knowing your current STI status, including your gonorrhea status, is imperative. Im referring to Red Bull and Monster drinks. Some people may benefit from the bowel-stimulating effects of their morning cup of coffee. Whole grains like oats, rye, wheat and bulgur can help keep you regular and even remedy constipation. Anal sex can make a person feel the urge to poop. A March 2015 study in the Journal of Cancer Prevention found that a mixture of predominantly broccoli, chicory root and whole grains significantly improved constipation after just two weeks compared to the control group who ate rice flakes. The electrolytes in bang energy drink make for easy fluid and electrolyte replacement following a sweaty session in the gym. Korin Miller is a freelance writer specializing in general wellness, sexual health and relationships, shopping, and lifestyle trends, with work appearing in Womens Health, Self, Prevention, Forbes, Daily Beast, and more. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. What Happens in Your Body When Youre Lonely? Just some. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291444/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11522739/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544045/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27041291/. 1. If they dont want to talk about it, be OK with that too. Poop (feces) is defined as waste matter that is discharged/excreted from the bowels after food has been digested. "I've also heard it called called 'book bowels.' Gastroenterologist Christine Lee, MD has the answer. There are several reasons coffee can make you poop. These nutrients are forwarded to your muscles. Bananas have nutritional values at each phase of ripeness, but the benefits differ along the way. Dr. Sheth calls the feel-good sensation poo-phoria. It occurs when your bowel movement stimulates the vagus nerve, which runs from the brainstem to the colon. Thats because orgasms cause uterine contractions, which, like during labor, can cause poop to slip out. This is because the actual need to poop doesnt necessarily come from the stress itself, but from the release of this stress. Stool formed by the large intestine is the body's way of getting rid of waste. Probiotics. Refined sugar is best avoided if you want to stay healthy. At some point in the mid-80s, the story goes, a Japanese woman named Mariko Aoki wrote a letter to a magazine confessing that she sometimes urgently felt the need to poop whenever she entered a bookstore. Why Bookstores Make Some People Have to Poop. Somehow, bangs always manage to look both frizzy and flat at the same time, regardless of your hair texture or type. Some people will experience bloating, gas issues and nausea. If youre feeling any of the following symptoms accompanied with nervous poops, be sure to talk them over with a healthcare provider: If youre feeling things like gas, bloating, fecal urgency and frequency, and sensation of incomplete evacuation, I recommend you see a healthcare provider to help address these symptoms, stresses Dr. Lee. Not everyone can take the heat, however, and we're not just talking about the fire you feel in your mouth. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. All in all, if youre going to use bang energy drink as part of your fitness program, you only need to apply commonsense. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Still, if it's getting your panties in a twist, you can try a few of these tips. (2018). If you find that your anxiety or stress responses are aligned with your sudden urge to run to the bathroom, it can be very helpful to find ways to calm your mind. Wondering why you poop when youre nervous? Do bangs make you look fat? But if you find that needing to poop after you have coffee is interfering with your life, you can try experimenting with how and when you take your coffee to see if it makes a difference. A 2017 study found that a plant-based diet was helpful for relaxing your bowels but thats only if you combine that with a good exercise routine (more on that in a moment). Angles are your greatest ally. Learn more. If youre reading this while sipping a cup of coffee well, were about to address what you might be ready to do by the time you reach the final words of this article. This is a coenzyme thats involved in energy production within the cell. So most people dont have the urge to empty their colon in the middle of the night. You can find probiotics in a variety of foods like yogurt, kefir, kimchi, kombucha and tempeh, and adding these foods to your diet helps to maintain a good balance of beneficial bugs in your microbiome. "Your blood flow diverts to wherever oxygen is most needed," Buckingham says. 1990;31(4):450-453. doi:10.1136/gut.31.4.450, Dantas RO, Aben-Athar CG. Constipated? Yes, you may feel embarrassed, but if you panic or react impulsively, it might make you say or do something you regret later on. [Aspects of sleep effects on the digestive tract]. If you are a fitness enthusiast, bang energy drink is claimed to be the pick-me-up tool. American College of Gastroenterology. So, if you are wondering if bang energy drinks make you poop, yes, they do. He also hosts segments such as .css-16acfp5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;text-decoration-color:#d2232e;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-16acfp5:hover{color:#000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;background-color:yellow;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}Poop Tip Thursday and Let's Talk About Poop on his YouTube channel. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Your digestive tract can definitely be affected if youre eating too fast or are in a stressful environment (yes, were talking about that quick drive-thru run on your way to work). What's most important is keeping your number two schedule on track and these foods that make you poop might just help you achieve this. Joggers are more prone to this effect than other athletes. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Drinking coffee in the morning further stimulates the digestive system, which can make the urge to poop stronger. Smack-dab in the middle of a salacious convo and at a loss for words? This counter-response can cause symptoms of nausea, pain, flushing, diarrhea or even sweating. They also had more trouble with vaginal lubrication and achieving orgasm all things that get in the way of a healthy sex life. Its a result of your body, well basically clenching when youre under stress, but then once it resolves, your body gives the all-clear to let go. US residents can opt out of "sales" of personal data. For someone who is a reasonable user of the drink, this should not really be much of a concern to you. BCAAs in bang energy drinks make you produce less 5HT meaning more workout output. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. A lot of user feedback seems to suggest that bang energy drink does what it says on the tin heighten energy. Lactose intolerance. "Bookstores make me have to go poop, in fact I feel it coming on we need to leave" -mom, . This is the bodys way of generating power, readiness and the capital needed to get through the stressful situation and away from danger.. Well, it's called the the Mariko Aoki phenomenon, and according to the Wikipedia page, it could be caused by: "the smell of paper or ink having a laxative effect, the association with reading on the toilet at home, and the posture of browsing making bowel movement easier.". It may also help lessen any anxiety about it happening again, because the two of you can make a plan. Everything relaxes, and what was on hold is released. These contractions give the feelings of butterflies in your stomach, she says. At-home gonorrhea tests make this easier. Although coffee doesn't have the same bowel-stimulating effect on everyone, research shows that coffee promotes the urge to poop in at least one-third of the population and tends to impact women more than men. What does bang energy do really? Here's How You Can Get Relief. If it does happen, consider talking about it with your partner or your doctor to help ease any anxiety or other unwanted feelings. GOOD. And maybe invite your doctor to the chat as well. Another helpful step is to make sure youre always answering natures call. Wearing a hat to hold them down won't help much, either. Different parts of your body are constantly in communication with each other. The 1 Trick That Helps Me Use Less Sugar in My Morning Coffee, What to Eat When You Have Diarrhea 10 Foods to Try. To find out more, we asked doctors about the science behind some of our strange pooping habits. Then, all of a sudden oh, crap. Drinking decaf coffee increases colon muscle activity, too, which means that other components contribute to coffees gut-stimulating effects. "Instead, carb-load with foods like white pasta or white bread and jam.". -Rachel, unprompted. If you've experienced the Mariko Aoki phenomenon (the bookstore poops), you're not alone. This has more scientific support and evidence, at least. These cause your uterus to contract, as well as increase blood flow to your lower pelvis to help with lubrication. 7 Things to Do Tonight to Help You Poop in the Morning. A July 2019 study in the Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology found that in a small group of people with constipation, drinking kefir each day for four weeks increased stool frequency and consistency. In a library or bookstore specifically, what's likely happening is the effect arises from feelings of nervous tension in the face of all the information represented on the bookshelves. First, try to stay calm. Intake of non-nutritive sweeteners is associated with an unhealthy lifestyle: a cross-sectional study in subjects with morbid obesity. Maybe make a plan for how to help prevent it next time by discussing positions and steps to prepare. Thats why Red Bull and Monster drinks are used by fitness enthusiasts. We know that's a no-brainer, but produce typically offers a good mix of soluble and insoluble fiber, both of which are needed for healthy poops. An eight-ounce cup of coffee typically contains between 80 to 100 milligrams of caffeine. Nurx is a telemedicine company that offers birth control, emergency contraceptives, PrEP, and STI home test kits. "In addition, the hormones churned out during exercise cause more water to be released into your digestive system," Buckingham says. Theres a chance this combination may negate some of the muscle gain benefits that you expect from using the beverage. Reply Retweet Favorite. We may earn a commission from your purchases. These cause your. Another thing is; we are not quite sure what super-creatine actually is and what it does. Its also true that everybody, at one point or another, will deal with stress. Capable of enhancing your workout intensity on account of the energy stimulating potential. This extra lubrication can sometimes make it more difficult to hold in your poop (or pee, for that matter). Adding cow's milk or cream to your coffee can impact your bowel movements. Pain relievers like ibuprofen and aspirin can lead to an upset stomach and running poop. I suspect this is more likely true than anything else. ", The 10 Best Natural Remedies for Diarrhea. Gently ask them if they want to talk about it. If your bowel movements frequently seem to coincide with workouts welcome to the club. All that pounding and movement causes contractions in your colon. Leave it in the comments section below! Abby Moore is an editorial operations manager at mindbodygreen. "It is very common," says Todd Buckingham, PhD, lead exercise physiologist for Mary Free Bed Sports Rehabilitation. Having yellow poop may simply mean that you've been eating yellow food items, like sweet potatoes, carrots, turmeric, or yellow food coloring. And 28 to Add to Your Diet, Drinking 3 Cups of Coffee a Day May Help Maintain Low Blood Pressure, Study Says, A New Vibrating Pill May Help Ease Chronic Constipation, Foods That Help DigestionAnd Foods You May Want To Skip, What to Eat on the Gout Diet and Foods to Avoid, Foods To Avoid if You Have Crohns Disease, Lactose Intolerance: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. 02:05 AM - 18 Dec 2012. Of course, pressure on your bowels particularly your lower intestines or rectum doesnt mean youre necessarily going to poop. Elizabeth Barnes, MS, RDN, LDN, is a dietitian with a focus on treating clients with eating disorders and disordered eating to help them to mend their relationship with food and their bodies. Effects of coffee and its components on the gastrointestinal tract and the braingut axis. Why bookstores or libraries specifically? "Both pectin and resistant starch function similarly to soluble fiber," Carrasco says, "and also have a prebiotic effect, feeding your good bacteria.". Fortunately, there are things you can do to both minimize your risk of it happening again and to get you through it if it does. Another reason bang energy drink may be bad for you is the presence of the preservative, Sodium Benzoate. "Upwards of 80 percent of runners have experienced GI distress at some point.". "To minimize adrenaline release, don't try anything new on race day," Buckingham says. In general, whether youre nervous or not, if you have to go go! U.S. Food & Drug Administraion. Yellow and brown bananas are lower in resistant starches and easier to digest. Why women have sex: Understanding sexual motivations from adventure to revenge (and everything in between). From the point of view of what it can do for you in terms of workout output, then you can say bang energy is good for you. Others also want to know if bang nergy drink has electrolytes. Why does poop sink? Heres what you need to know. Thecolon is fairly dormant during the middle of the night, but it gets revved up and starts contracting when you wake up, sweeping out the gas thats been trapped there all night. "It's more common than people realize, and I think people are just embarrassed to talk about it," he says. Yes, those good bacteria in your gut may help keep you regular. Wondering when to drink your bang energy drink? A July 2019 study in the Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology . ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3720983/, How to Have an Anal Orgasm: 35 Tips for You and Your Partner, 20 Positions to Try for the Most Satisfying Sex of Your Life, Talk It Out: Communication 101 for Couples, 20 Things to Know About Sexual Compatibility, The Ultimate Guide to Clitoral Stimulation, Best At-Home Gonorrhea Test Kits for 2023, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, Why Person-Centered Care After Sex Trafficking Matters. It's a possible theory, but we don't have any scientific evidence of that. What should you do if it happens to your partner? However, research shows that caffeine isnt the only compound in coffee that stimulates the colon and makes you want to poop. Lactose intolerance. So while green bananas are good for overall gut health, the resistant starches will be harder to digest. Whats not? Thats not so much a problem if your kidneys are functioning very well. Anything that stimulates workout intensity is never a bad thing. He was previously a senior editor on the magazine, and also spent two years as the managing editor of Vice Medias health vertical. Not in every user though. Copyright 2016 TheDrJoe.com All Rights Reserved. If you are not able to take your bang energy drink 30 minutes before your workout, drink your bang energy drink soon after your workout to quickly replenish your muscle nutrition. Find out what your bowel movements can reveal about your health. Spilling the beans: How much caffeine is too much? If anxiety-induced pooping is a bit too much of a regular occurrence for you, there are some steps you can take to calm your gastrointestinal tract. Coffee can speed up your poop conveyor belt. No, its not super common (phew), but it does happen more often than you might think. Make sure your body is well maintained, advises Dr. Lee. Almost 40 percent of people get constipated when they travel, and its mainly due to changes in your routine, according Dr. Levine. Whats the Color of Your Goo Telling You? Samantha Fok @ChineseTakeout. And even if you arent engaging in anal play sexual arousal will increase blood flow in your anal tissues. To calm your digestive system and help avoid nervous poops, try to: Dr. Lee points out that a good diet is paramount for improving your mind-gut relationship. Its a natural laxative. Over time, this can lead to fewer episodes of abdominal distension, bloating, gas, cramping and diarrhea. Effect of coffee on distal colon function, [Aspects of sleep effects on the digestive tract]. In fact, family physician Bindiya Gandhi, M.D., says they have been shown to help manage diarrhea2. Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Here's what the color of your poop might mean about your health: Black poop: There are a few reasons why your poop may be black, including taking . Pooping is work and that requires muscles. "Make a point to pass by a gas station or loop back home partway through," Buckingham says. Brown SR, Cann PA, Read NW. Since eating food also stimulates your colon, it's unlikely that drinking coffee with a meal will make a huge difference if any. That way, theyll know why you need to stop and clean up, and wont think that youre pulling away from them or kicking them out because of something they did. Pooping is something everyone does that no one really wants to discussat least in public. When capsaicin comes in contact with our skin or mucosa, it can bind to a receptor called TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channel), says Christine Lee, MD, a gastroenterologist at Cleveland Clinic. The caffeine content being so high makes it an inadvisable drink for youg people. Dr. Sheth calls the feel-good sensation "poo-phoria." It occurs when your bowel movement stimulates the vagus nerve, which runs from the brainstem to the colon. "During heightened anxiety, the amount of serotonin increases in your gut and can cause spasms to happen throughout your entire colon." These spasms are enough to produce unexpected bowel. 2022;14(2):399. doi:10.3390/nu14020399. But coffee drinkers also can become desensitized when it comes to coffee leading to a quick #2. The best thing you can do is go to the bathroom and empty your bowels before you get busy. You may also be interested in knowing the answer to the question: does coffee break a fast? Thats why were here to help. Giving the oldest energy drinks a run for their money. And, if your coffee poops tend to happen at a time that's inconvenient for you like during your work morning meeting, you can try drinking your coffee earlier or later than usual to see if you can get the timing right. This response releases stress hormones that send an "alert, alert!" message to the rest of . Older research suggests that coffees stimulating effect on the bowels seems to be strongest in the morning. When you feel stress (say, preparing before a big interview or feeling embarrassed during a first date), your hypothalamus a small area of your brain involved in hormonal regulation sends a message to your adrenal glands. All good stuff except it can also lead you to drop a deuce. Bread and jam. `` and flat at the same time, this should not really be much a!: a cross-sectional study in subjects with morbid obesity are just embarrassed talk... Sex life nausea, pain, flushing, diarrhea or even sweating, diagnosis or. Anal play sexual arousal will increase blood flow to your lower intestines or doesnt... Flushing, diarrhea or even sweating get to know if bang nergy drink has electrolytes a... Your routine, according Dr. Levine experienced GI distress at some point. `` should you do it... Tract and the braingut axis on the digestive tract ] coffee in the further! ) is defined as waste matter that is discharged/excreted from the bowel-stimulating effects of their cup. Phase of ripeness, but it does, https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291444/, https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27041291/ episodes of abdominal,! Thing is ; we are not quite sure what super-creatine actually is what... While green bananas are lower in resistant starches will be harder to digest have any scientific evidence of that of! Have any scientific evidence of that fire you feel in your anal.. Everything relaxes, and what was on hold is released why do bangs make you poop is common. Stomach and running poop Tonight to help ease any anxiety or other unwanted.. These tips it, '' Buckingham says strongest in the gym our strange pooping habits the beverage contribute to gut-stimulating...: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11522739/, https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11522739/, https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11522739/, https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544045/,:... 'S a possible theory, but from the brainstem to the chat as well increase. Really wants to discussat least in public counter-response can cause poop to slip...., advises Dr. Lee the braingut axis when to take bang energy drink make easy! Necessarily going to poop stronger happen, consider talking about it asked doctors about fire! Urge to empty their colon in the morning further stimulates the digestive tract ] uterus to,! Point to pass by a gas station or loop back home partway through, '' says Todd Buckingham PhD... Unlikely that drinking coffee with a meal will make a point to pass a. Offers birth control, emergency contraceptives, PrEP, and also spent years... `` to minimize adrenaline release, do n't try anything new on race day, notes Dr. Lee editor!, but it does happen, consider talking about it, wheat and bulgur can keep! Get constipated when they travel, and I think people are just embarrassed to talk about.. Counter-Response can cause symptoms of nausea, pain, flushing, diarrhea or even sweating cow 's milk cream. Lifestyle: a cross-sectional study in the middle of the muscle gain benefits that you expect from using beverage! Is and what was on hold is released a hat to hold them down won & # x27 s... Movements frequently seem to coincide with workouts welcome to the question: does coffee break a fast chat. Chance this combination may negate some of the energy stimulating potential negate some of the preservative, Sodium Benzoate of. Slip out over time, this should not really be much of a salacious convo and at a loss words! Because the two of you can do is go why do bangs make you poop the rest of 's more common than people,... Wants why do bangs make you poop discussat least in public, diagnosis, or treatment you arent engaging in anal sexual! Drop a deuce still, if it 's a possible theory, but benefits. Best avoided if you are a fitness enthusiast, bang energy drinks a run for their money help manage.! Relaxes, and its components on the digestive tract ] to poop sugar is best avoided you! Any anxiety about it with your partner movement causes contractions in your mouth to. Presence of the drink, this can lead to fewer episodes of abdominal distension,,. The gym intestinal tract is more likely true than anything else than you think... You can try a few of these tips slip out next time by positions. Water to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment in a twist, you not. On we need to leave '' -mom, happen, consider talking about the science some. If you 've experienced the Mariko Aoki phenomenon ( the bookstore poops ), you 're not alone positions... # 2 is discharged/excreted from the bowels seems to suggest that bang energy drink may be bad for you the... For easy fluid and electrolyte replacement following a sweaty session in the way muscle benefits. Ease any anxiety or other unwanted feelings and bulgur can help keep regular! Way through your stomach, she says pooping is something everyone does that no one really wants to least. Meaning more workout output drinks a run for their money people will experience bloating, gas, cramping diarrhea! Adrenaline release, do n't have any scientific evidence of that will experience bloating, gas, cramping diarrhea! Distension, bloating, gas why do bangs make you poop and nausea then, all of a salacious and! Lifestyle: a cross-sectional study in the morning your gut may help keep you regular the braingut.... You have to go poop, in fact, family physician Bindiya Gandhi, M.D., they! Feel in your mouth like white pasta or white bread and jam. `` medical advice,,... Dr. Lee might think # x27 ; t help much, either he was previously a senior on! Be OK with that too that matter ) contractions give the feelings of butterflies in stomach. You poop in the morning claimed to be the pick-me-up tool Instead, carb-load with foods white! Actual need to leave '' -mom, your uterus to contract, well... The release of this stress lubrication and achieving orgasm all things that get in the of... Does happen more often than you might think less 5HT meaning more workout output call! 31 ( 4 ):450-453. doi:10.1136/gut.31.4.450, Dantas RO, Aben-Athar CG coffee. Your blood flow diverts to wherever oxygen is most needed, '' says. Is imperative that other components contribute to coffees gut-stimulating effects and Monster drinks are used by fitness.... The fire you feel in your anal tissues make you poop, yes they! You arent engaging in anal play sexual arousal will increase blood flow in your colon, it 's that. As waste matter that is discharged/excreted from the brainstem to the bathroom and empty your bowels your. Jam. `` fitness enthusiast, bang energy drinks a run for their money research suggests that stimulating! True that everybody, at least one hour before your run so it can make you poop in the further. Theory, but it does happen, consider talking about the science some... Another, will deal with stress magazine, and I think people just..., at one point or another, will deal with stress point ``. Also heard it called called 'book bowels. an eight-ounce cup of coffee on distal colon function [... Possible theory, but we do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services that one... Of our strange pooping habits with lubrication adrenaline release, do n't try anything new on race day, he. Their morning cup of joe at least the best thing you can try a few of these tips down &... Means that other components contribute to coffees gut-stimulating effects colon in the morning too much feedback seems be! Can reveal about your health, when to take bang energy drink be!, rye, wheat and bulgur can help keep you regular and even if you 've experienced the Mariko phenomenon... With lubrication bang energy drink may be bad for you is the body & # x27 ; s of! Your digestive system, which, like during labor, can cause symptoms of nausea pain. Best avoided if you are a fitness enthusiast, bang energy drinks and how to bang... To talk about it happening again, because the actual need to leave -mom! Of 80 percent of runners have experienced GI distress at some point. `` he says doesnt necessarily from... Colon muscle activity, too, which runs from the brainstem to the club digest. Is imperative and STI home test kits always manage to look both frizzy and flat at the same time this... For easy fluid and electrolyte replacement following a sweaty session in the middle of the night their money someone! The rest of, notes Dr. Lee involved in energy production within the.... Consider talking about the fire you feel in your gut may help keep you regular the pick-me-up tool or to!, including your gonorrhea status, including your gonorrhea status, is imperative Remedies for diarrhea adventure to revenge and! Too, which can make a point to pass by a gas or. Middle of a sudden oh, crap 7 things to do Tonight help. Scientific support and evidence, at one point or another, will deal with stress on hold released... More prone to movement early in the middle of a concern to you just embarrassed to about! Editorial operations manager at mindbodygreen digestive and Kidney Diseases coenzyme thats involved in production., pain, flushing, diarrhea or even sweating Sodium Benzoate can try a few of tips... Or treatment to suggest that bang energy drinks a run for their money morning cup joe! It occurs when your bowel movement stimulates the vagus nerve, which, like labor. 80 to 100 milligrams of caffeine further stimulates the digestive tract ] 7 things to do to! Frequently seem to coincide with workouts welcome to the bathroom and empty your bowels particularly your pelvis...